What is Infant Reflux and How to Treat It : 10 Effective Ways (2023)

by Georgia Picardal August 14, 2022

10 Effective Ways to Treat Infant Reflux

1. Feeding changes, such as smaller, more frequent feedings and keeping the baby upright for 30 minutes after feeding.
2. Avoiding overfeeding and tight clothing.
3. Keeping the baby in an upright position during feedings and for 30 minutes after.
4. Reducing stress.
5. Burping the baby frequently during feedings.
6. Using a pacifier or taking breaks during feedings to reduce the amount of air swallowed.
7. Elevating the head of the crib or bassinet.
8. Thicker feedings, using rice cereal or formula for older infants.
9. Using medication, such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, under medical supervision.
10. Surgery, as a last resort, for severe and persistent cases not responding to other treatments.

What is Infant Reflux?

Infant reflux is a common condition that affects up to 50% of all infants. This condition, also known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER), occurs when stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus, causing discomfort and irritation. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include fussiness, spitting up, coughing, and difficulty sleeping. In some cases, infant reflux can lead to more serious conditions such as aspiration, malnutrition, and esophagitis.

Causes of Infant Reflux

Infant reflux is a complex condition that results from a combination of factors. Understanding the causes of reflux can help parents and healthcare providers better manage the condition and prevent it from becoming more serious.

• Anatomy and Physiology - One of the primary causes of infant reflux is related to anatomy and physiology. During the first few months of life, the muscles at the bottom of the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), are not yet fully developed. This means that the LES is unable to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. Additionally, the pressure in the stomach is higher than the pressure in the esophagus, which can also contribute to reflux.

• Feeding Habits - Feeding habits can also play a role in the development of reflux in infants. Overfeeding can cause the stomach to stretch, increasing pressure and making it more likely for reflux to occur. Additionally, lying down too soon after feeding can cause the contents of the stomach to reflux into the esophagus. Feeding with a bottle can also contribute to reflux, as the infant is in a more upright position, which can make it easier for stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus.

• Food Intolerance - In some cases, infant reflux may be caused by food intolerance, such as cow's milk protein intolerance. When the infant is unable to properly digest certain foods, it can cause discomfort and lead to reflux. Infants who are experiencing food intolerance may also have symptoms such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea.

• Underlying Conditions - In rare cases, infant reflux may be caused by underlying medical conditions, such as pyloric stenosis or neurological conditions. Pyloric stenosis is a condition in which the muscle at the bottom of the stomach becomes thickened, preventing food from properly passing into the small intestine. Neurological conditions can affect the muscles in the esophagus and stomach, leading to reflux.

Diagnosing Infant Reflux

The diagnosis of infant reflux is typically based on the symptoms observed by the parents or caregivers and the results of a physical examination. In some cases, additional tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause of the reflux.

• Medical History and Physical Examination - The first step in diagnosing infant reflux is a medical history and physical examination. During this process, the healthcare provider will ask about the infant's symptoms, including the frequency and timing of the episodes of reflux, and the associated symptoms such as coughing, vomiting, and fussiness. The healthcare provider will also ask about any relevant medical history, including any previous surgeries, illnesses, or medication use. The physical examination will include a thorough examination of the infant's digestive system, including the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach.

• pH Monitoring - In some cases, pH monitoring may be necessary to diagnose infant reflux. pH monitoring involves the placement of a tiny pH probe in the esophagus to measure the acidity of the stomach contents. This test can help determine if the infant's symptoms are caused by reflux or another condition, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The results of the pH monitoring can also be used to determine the severity of the reflux and the effectiveness of any treatments that are being used.

• Upper GI Series - An upper GI series, also known as a barium swallow, may be necessary to diagnose infant reflux. During this test, the infant is given a barium solution to drink, which allows the healthcare provider to view the digestive system using X-rays. The barium highlights any abnormalities or blockages in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, which can help to diagnose reflux or another condition.

• Endoscopy - In some cases, an endoscopy may be necessary to diagnose infant reflux. An endoscopy is a procedure that involves the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the infant's esophagus. This allows the healthcare provider to view the inside of the esophagus and stomach and look for any signs of damage or abnormal growths. An endoscopy can also be used to collect biopsy samples for further testing.

• Manometry - Manometry is a test that measures the pressure and strength of the muscles in the esophagus and stomach. This test can help determine if the muscles in the digestive system are functioning properly and can help to diagnose conditions such as achalasia, which is a disorder of the esophagus that can contribute to reflux.

Diagnosing infant reflux is a multi-step process that involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and, in some cases, additional tests. The results of these tests can help determine the underlying cause of the reflux, the severity of the symptoms, and the most effective course of treatment. It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for the individual infant. With the right care and management, infant reflux can be effectively managed and prevented from becoming a more serious condition.

Medical Treatment for Infant Reflux

The treatment of infant reflux depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In many cases, simple lifestyle changes and home remedies can help manage the symptoms of reflux in infants. In other cases, medical treatment may be necessary to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

Lifestyle changes can be an effective treatment for infant reflux in some cases. These changes may include:

• Feeding changes: Small, frequent feedings can help reduce the amount of reflux in some infants. It is also recommended to keep the infant in an upright position for at least 30 minutes after feeding to help reduce the amount of reflux.

• Thickened feeds: Adding rice cereal to the infant's formula or breast milk can help thicken the feed and reduce the amount of reflux.

• Avoiding certain foods: In some cases, certain foods in the mother's diet may trigger reflux in the infant. Avoiding these foods or switching to a hypoallergenic formula can help reduce the symptoms of reflux.

• Avoiding certain activities: Certain activities, such as bouncing or jogging with the infant, can increase the amount of reflux. Avoiding these activities can help reduce the symptoms of reflux.

In some cases, medical treatment may be necessary to manage the symptoms of infant reflux. Medical treatment options for infant reflux include:

• Antacids - are medications that neutralize stomach acid and can be used to treat reflux. Antacids are available over-the-counter and by prescription. Antacids can provide short-term relief of reflux symptoms, but they do not treat the underlying cause of the reflux.

• H2 Blockers - are medications that reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach. H2 blockers can be used to treat reflux and can provide longer-term relief of symptoms compared to antacids. H2 blockers are available over-the-counter and by prescription.

• Proton Pump Inhibitors - are medications that reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach. PPIs are stronger than H2 blockers and can provide longer-term relief of symptoms. PPIs are available by prescription only and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

• Surgery - In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to treat reflux in infants. Surgery can be used to tighten the lower esophageal sphincter or to repair any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the reflux. Surgery is typically only recommended for infants with severe reflux that has not responded to other treatments.

Home Remedies for Infant Reflux Management

Infant reflux can be addressed through a combination of changes in lifestyle and home remedies. These remedies can alleviate symptoms and prevent further complications, but it is crucial to consult a healthcare provider for personalized treatment plans. Here are some home remedies for infant reflux:

• Modify Feeding Habits -Adjusting feeding habits can prove helpful in reducing infant reflux:

• Frequent, smaller feedings: Providing smaller, more frequent feedings can minimize the occurrence of reflux.

• Upright position: Keeping the infant upright for at least 30 minutes after each feeding session can also reduce reflux.

• Breastfeeding: In some cases, breastfeeding can alleviate symptoms of reflux in infants.

Avoiding certain foods in the mother's diet can help manage infant reflux. Some common food triggers include:

• Caffeine
• Chocolate
• High-fat foods
• Spicy foods
• Tomatoes

It is recommended to eliminate these foods one at a time to determine the specific triggers for the infant.

• Gripe Water Solution - a mixture of water, sugar, and herbs, is a popular home remedy for infant reflux. It can soothe the digestive system and alleviate reflux symptoms.

• Massage Therapy - Massaging the infant's back, stomach, and chest can promote digestion and relieve symptoms of reflux.

• Elevated Crib Position - Elevating the head of the infant's crib can also reduce reflux by keeping the infant in an upright position. Placing a small pillow under the mattress can serve this purpose.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Infant Reflux

Infant reflux is a common condition, but it is essential to seek medical attention if certain symptoms persist or worsen. Here are some indicators that indicate the need for a doctor's visit:

• Persistent Symptoms - If the symptoms of reflux persist, despite home remedies and lifestyle changes, it is necessary to seek medical attention. Symptoms such as frequent spitting up, irritability, poor weight gain, and excessive crying may indicate a more severe condition.

• Difficulty Feeding - Infants with reflux may experience difficulty feeding, such as refusing to eat or discomfort during feedings. If the infant consistently shows these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention.

• Blood in Stool - If the infant's stool contains blood, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention as it may indicate a more severe condition.

• Chest Pain - Chest pain in infants can indicate reflux, but it can also be a sign of a more severe condition such as pneumonia. If the infant is experiencing chest pain, it is necessary to seek medical attention.

• Vomiting after Every Feeding - If the infant is vomiting after every feeding, it is essential to seek medical attention as it may indicate a more severe condition.

• Recurrent Pneumonia - can be a complication of reflux, and it is crucial to seek medical attention if the infant is experiencing recurrent bouts of pneumonia.

• Difficulty Breathing - If the infant is having difficulty breathing, it is necessary to seek immediate medical attention as it may indicate a more severe condition such as aspiration.

A healthcare provider can diagnose the condition and provide personalized treatment plans to alleviate symptoms and prevent further complications. It is crucial to seek medical attention if the infant is experiencing difficulty feeding, chest pain, vomiting after every feeding, recurrent pneumonia, difficulty breathing, or blood in the stool. Early intervention can help prevent more severe conditions and ensure the best outcomes for the infant.

Preventing Infant Reflux

While infant reflux cannot always be prevented, there are several measures that can reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms. Here are some tips to help prevent infant reflux:

• Feeding Position - It is recommended to hold the infant in an upright position for at least 30 minutes after feedings to reduce the likelihood of reflux. Avoid lying the infant flat on their back immediately after feedings as this position can cause the stomach contents to reflux into the esophagus.

• Frequent Feedings - Instead of giving large, infrequent feedings, it is recommended to feed the infant smaller, more frequent feedings with your baby in a minimal baby onesie. This can help reduce the pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter and reduce the likelihood of reflux.

• Thickening Feeds -Thickening feeds with cereal or other thickening agents can help reduce reflux symptoms by decreasing the amount of acid that is regurgitated. However, this should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider as it may impact the infant's nutrition.

• Avoiding Triggers - Avoiding foods that may trigger reflux, such as acidic or spicy foods, can help reduce symptoms. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid overfeeding the infant as this can increase the pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter and lead to reflux.

• Reducing Stress - Stress can increase the likelihood of reflux, so it is recommended to reduce stress as much as possible. This can include providing a calm and relaxing environment for the infant, as well as reducing exposure to stressful situations.

As always, it is important to consult a healthcare provider before implementing any changes to the infant's feeding or care routine.